Range-wide phylogeography of a temperate lizard, the five-lined skink (Eumeces fasciatus).

We used mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite loci to examine the phylogeographic patterns of the most broadly distributed lizard in eastern North America, the five-lined skink (Eumeces fasciatus). We infer that longitudinal phylogeographic patterns in E. fasciatus are consistent with fragmentation due to refugial and post-glacial dynamics, but that deep divergences within the species imply historical fragmentation that predates the Pleistocene. The effect of multiple refugia is implied from our nested clade analyses, including a northern refugium in Wisconsin. Analysis of population structure using nuclear microsatellite data within the species suggests the importance of glacial dynamics in shaping more recent genetic structuring within one widely distributed lineage that ranges from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean in longitude and from southern Ontario to the Gulf of Mexico in latitude. Results shed light on the historical processes that have influenced current population structure of a temperate lizard, support the striking similarity of longitudinal phylogeographic structure across many herpetofaunal species in eastern North America, and illustrate the utility of employing multiple markers in phylogeographic studies.